R&R History Lesson - GRUNGE

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What was Grunge and where did it come from?

OVERVIEW

"There's a feeling of burnout in the culture at large. Kids are depressed about the future."

-- Music critic Simon Reynolds, 1992, about Generation X

The pre-Grunge era of the early 1980s was a time of media saturation, but many young people did not see themselves or their concerns accurately reflected in the slick music videos offered by MTV or in other mass media. The resulting alienation and apathy helped pave the way for the emergence of a new sound that became known, simply, as Grunge.

Sometimes called the “Seattle Sound,” Grunge began in the Pacific Northwest in the late 1980s and early 90s. The Grunge generation grew up on Heavy Metal, Punk, and Hardcore, drawing on elements of each to define its sound. The resulting aesthetic combined the droning, distorted guitar tones of Metal, the alienation and anti-authority attitude of Punk, and the edgy, physical stage shows of Hardcore. Like Punk, Grunge was full of anger, but with a dose of angst, self-deprecation, and depression added to the mix. And though the intimacy and spontaneity of live performances often gave it a similar feel to Punk, Grunge was more musically complex. More varied instrumentally, Grunge also accentuated dynamic shifts that evoked the frustrations of youth. Grunge musicians tended to reject the latest fashions and projected a feeling of indifference that was reflected in everything from their lyrics to their disheveled appearance. Adopting a thrift-store look, artists embraced lumberjack-style apparel -- most notably flannel shirts -- while pushing back against the exaggerated masculinity it often implied.

In its early years, Grunge was largely a localized phenomenon, emerging out of the club scene in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle had been deeply affected by the economic recession of the early 1990s, when unemployment was at a high and Starbucks did not yet have the ubiquitous presence it does today. Grunge, with its dour visuals and indifferent lyrics, seemed to encapsulate the grey and depressed mood of the region at the time. As the 90s progressed, the commercial success of groups such as Nirvana and Pearl Jam catapulted the Grunge sound into a national spotlight for which its creators and adherents were largely unprepared.

Today's Lesson:
You will be working to create a  three-paragraph review of early Grunge music. The class will watch several music videos together, and students will be given a set of documents that they will use as source material for their review.

VIDEOS

• Black Sabbath, “Paranoid” (1970), example of Heavy Metal
• Black Flag, “Rise Above” (1981), example of Hardcore Punk
• Mudhoney, “Touch Me I’m Sick” (1988)
• Nirvana, “Smells Like Teen Spirit” (1991)
• Pearl Jam, “Alive” (1991)

Procedure:
1. Carefully review the following handouts: Handout 1: Document Set; Handout 2: Discussion Questions; Handout 3: Graphic Organizer, and Handout 4: Music Review Template.

2. Use the discussion questions in Handout 2 to help you analyze the documents in Handout 1. As you do so, you should take notes, using the graphic organizer in Handout 3. It is not necessary to fill in every bubble on the graphic organizer; conversely, they should feel free to create additional categories and bubbles. 

Rock and Roll Lesson 5/19/15 - New Wave Day II

1. View a clip of Jerry Lee Lewis performing "Great Balls of Fire." 
2. Answer the questions below.  

• In what ways does this early Rock and Roll performance prefigure New Wave music?
• In what ways does the fashion, the delivery, and the music itself prefigure New Wave?

3.  View the 1956 clip of Connie Francis performing "Little Blue Wren." Make notes as they watch and listen.  Jerry Lee Lewis's "Great Balls of Fire" came out the following year, in 1957.  

Compare the two clips, and answer...

• How is the instrumentation different in the two songs?
• How is the vocal style different?
• How are the performers' personalities different?
• How could the style of Jerry Lee Lewis' song be considered a reaction to the other song's style?

4.  Based on the two clips, what connection can you make between early Rock and Roll and New Wave music? 

5.  Play the clip of Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive." 

6. Based on the clip, make a list of things in the song, "I Will Survive" that are elements which New Wave rebelled against. 

PUNK ROCK ALBUM COVER PROJECT

1. Please read Handout 4: Guidelines for Designing Your Album Cover. 
2. Using construction paper; crayons, markers, or colored pencils; scissors,  old magazines, etc., use he materials, as well as the information in your ocument sets and the understandings gained from them  to create an original album cover for a fictitious Punk Rock band in the 1970s. 
3. Students may use any additional materials they have to complete the assignment.

PUNK ROCK DBQ

Procedure. 

1.  Please click on  Handout 2: Punk Rock Discussion Guide and Handout 3: Punk Rock Document Set.  You will use the documents to  help you answer the questions.   

• Music
  • “Virtuosity” is defined as having great technical skill. For which of the bands in the videos is virtuosity more important?
  • According to the interview with Bono, what was Punk Rock’s attitude toward virtuosity? Does he believe you need to be a virtuoso to make Rock and Roll?
  • Look at the track listings from two different albums. What do you notice about the lengths of the songs? How does the length of the songs on the Clash’s 1977 album reflect what Bono is talking about?
  • Does the music created by the virtuosic artists convey the same message as the music performed by the other groups? How might their messages differ?
• Audience
  • What do you notice about the performers’ interactions with the audience in the two videos? Is the audience involved? What distinguishes the audience from the performers?
  • How would you describe the role of the audience in this picture of Led Zeppelin?
  • How would you describe the role of the performer in this picture of Rick Wakeman?
  • Who do you think was going to the performance? Watch the clip of the "Sex Pistols Discussing the Music Scene" and speculate as to how they might react to such a concert.
• Social Context
  • According to the Graham Parker video, what was the outlook in Britain in the late 1970s? What are some of the specific words Parker uses to describe the general situation?
  • What do you imagine the situation of young people in particular in this period would have been? What words do you think would best describe their outlook on life?
  • Why might young people turn to music to express themselves in this type of situation? If you had been living in this situation, how might you have gone about expressing yourself through music, even if you didn’t have any money or musical training?
  • Do you think a young person living in this situation would have been more likely to attend a Stadium Rock concert or a Punk Rock show? Why? Do you think that one of the performances in the videos best represents the social and political events of the time? If so, which one and why?
  • What do you imagine the music you would have made in this situation would sound like? (Note the words Parker uses to describe two album titles from this period, which include the words “howling” and “anarchy.”)
  • Can Punk Rock be considered a form of protest music? If so, what were the people who created it and listened to it protesting?
  • How might Punk Rock have been empowering to young people in this time and place? Think about the role of the audience, the sound of the music, and the “DIY” attitude of Punk.
• Album Covers
  • How are the two sets of album covers different?
    Elton John (1975) and Meat Loaf (1977)
    The Sex Pistols (1977) and The Clash (1977)
  • Which covers seem to better represent the idea of virtuosity? The idea of “DIY”? Why?
  • What message do you think the Sex Pistols and the Clash were trying to convey with these album covers? (Note: “Bollocks” is British slang with multiple meanings, but is generally taken to mean “nonsense” or “rubbish.”) Did they make them because they couldn’t afford professional artists to design their covers? What other reasons might there be?
  • Which album cover do you find most appealing, and why?
  • Why do you think the Clash decided to use this cover for their 1979 album London Calling? Compare it to this this cover from a 1965 Elvis Presley LP. What message do you think the Clash were trying to convey about their music? About how they saw themselves fitting in to the history of Rock and Roll?
     

History of R&R Lesson 5/11/15 - PUNK ROCK

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How was Punk Rock a reaction both to the commercialization of Rock and Roll and to the social climate in late 1970s Britain?

OVERVIEW

"It's a call to arms to the kids who believe that rock and roll was taken away from them. It's a statement of self rule, of ultimate independence."

--Malcolm McLaren, manager of the Sex Pistols

"That’s a very, very great place to be as an artist, when your imagination is your only limitation. It’s not your ability to play like a virtuoso, it’s not your ability to have your family pay for piano lessons when you’re a child, or to have a well-trained voice or to have gone to creative writing classes. Punk Rock was about three chords, four if you were lucky, five if you were decadent -- and having something to say."

--U2’s Bono on the influence of Punk Rock

By the mid-1970s, the live performances of many successful Rock and Roll bands had moved to larger and larger venues. “Stadium Rock” invited tens of thousands of fans to sit and watch bands perform, often from a great distance, and often accompanied by elaborate staging, massive banks of equipment, sometimes extravagant costumes, and virtuosic solos. Bands such as Led Zeppelin, Journey, Queen, Yes, and Emerson, Lake & Palmer led the field, commanding increasingly hefty ticket prices along the way.

The reaction against this trend began in Britain with the Pub Rock movement, which summoned a return to the raw sound of Rock and Roll and a move away from a growing commercialism. Musicians such as Graham Parker, Elvis Costello, Nick Lowe, and Joe Strummer (later of the Clash) played in bands that appeared in small pubs where they could easily interact with their audiences — much as the Beatles had done in their early days in Liverpool and Hamburg. The Pub Rock movement helped pave the way for the emergence of Punk, which put audience participation back at the center of the whole enterprise.

Like Pub Rock, Punk provided an aggressive retort to Stadium Rock and the commercial elements of 1970s Rock and Roll. Bands such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash performed at small, dingy clubs in which the divide between artist and spectator all but disappeared. Audience members often dressed as “punks” and were indistinguishable from the performers themselves. They were no longer spectators worshipping their idols from afar, but active participants whose collaboration was essential to the whole project. So-called "slam-dancing" even found the boundary between stage and dance floor shattered as fans moved amongst the bands.

At the same time, Punk was rooted in the bleak economic and social mood of Britain in the mid-1970s. Unemployment was high, particularly for young people, and a seemingly endless series of strikes led to a “winter of discontent” in 1978. Anger at government policies boiled over into the streets.

The message of Punk was thus anti-mainstream, anti-establishment, anti-commercial, and very angry. As did early Hip Hop in the United States, Punk Rock embodied a “Do-It-Yourself” or “DIY” attitude. Many bands were self-produced and self-recorded. The message was simple: anyone could go out and form a band and make music. Punk put Rock and Roll back in the hands of a young, working-class population, and it did this at a moment when they had something to say.

Procedure: 

1.Play the short clips of live performances fromEmerson, Lake & Palmer, "Nutrocker" (1971), the Sex Pistols, "Pretty Vacant" (1976) and the Clash, "Garageland" (1977).  Explain to students that "Nutrocker" is Emerson, Lake & Palmer's Rock version ofThe Nutcracker Suite by classical composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

2. Based on the clips, please complete the worksheet

3. Answer the following questions in your notebooks. 

• Why would a Rock and Roll band want to perform a version of a Classical composition?  What does this suggest about how they seem themselves as artists?
• Do the artists in the Sex Pistols and Clash videos seem to view themselves the same way?  Why or why not? 
• If you had to describe each performance in a single word, what would it be?
• What do you think are the main differences between the first performance and the second two? 

DISCO PART IV

Today's Lesson:
1. Carefully read the Handout, "Saturday Night Fever." 
2. Answer the questions that follow...

• How does Ebert describe the political and musical atmosphere of the 1970s? What does he suggest Disco music and dancing provided for young people in this environment?
• Why might Disco have been particularly appealing to people from working-class backgrounds? What did it provide them that they might not have found in their everyday lives?
• What does Kael suggest about what Disco dancers got out of dancing? What does she mean by “the need to be who you’d like to be"?
• Look at the last sentence of the Kael quote. What is Nirvana? What is Kael saying not simply about the characters in Saturday Night Fever but about why Disco was so popular with young people in the 1970s?

2. WATCH the movie trailer for SNF
3. Answer the following questions...

• What does Tony tell his father about when and where people say positive things about him?
• What word is used to describe Tony when he is on the dance floor?
• How are the people at the disco dressed? What kind of atmosphere does the disco offer?
• Based on what you have seen in the trailer, why do you think this movie was so successful? Why did it help to make Disco music, and the kind of dancing it encouraged, so popular?

DISCO - PART III

1. CLICK on Handout 1: Social and Economic Conditions in the 1970s. I
2. Based on the documents, complete the chart on page 4, and answer the discussion questions
1. Overall, what do the documents suggest about social and economic conditions in the 1970s
2. How might these conditions have helped make Disco music more popular? 
3. In this type of environment, why might many young people have wanted to “escape” to the disco?
4. How did American attitudes toward women and gay people appear to be changing in the 70s? 
5.  Think back to the performers you saw in the video of Disco hits earlier in this lesson. How might what you saw in those videos show the influence of the Women’s and Gay Rights Movements? Think particularly about the performers, the way they were dressed, and the ways they expressed themselves.

May 5, 2015: DISCO PART II

1. Play the video of the Village People on The Merv Griffin Show performing their hit song "YMCA." The Village People were named for New York City's Greenwich Village, an area with a large gay population and where the modern Gay Rights movement began in 1969 with the Stonewall Riots.
2. In your notebooks, please answer the following: 
   • According to the discussion, what is the attraction of a disco?  
   • Why might some people like this atmosphere more than others?
   • How would you describe the costumes and gestures of the Village People in their performance? 
   • How does the success of the Village People as a Disco band reflect the influence of gay culture on the Disco genre? 
   • Can you identify elements of this influence in any of the other videos viewed in this lesson?  Be as specific as you can.

Today's Lesson 5/1/15 - The Rise of Disco

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How did Disco relate to the sentiments and social movements of the 1970s?

OVERVIEW

The rise of Disco in the 1970s had an enormous cultural impact on the American audience. It was the music they heard on the radio, the music they danced to. It affected fashion. It affected club culture. It even affected film.

Disco's roots were multiple. It had connections to R&B and Funk, but it was also born out of the urban gay culture in New York City. But no matter its roots, it quickly moved into the mainstream with a string of best-selling hits by artists from Donna Summer to the Village People. The phenomenally successful 1977 film Saturday Night Fevertook Disco's commercial popularity to surprising heights. The film’s soundtrack produced numerous  Top 10 hits and the album sold over 15 million copies.

The vibrant sound and energetic dance moves of Disco provided young people with an escape from what film critic Roger Ebert called “the general depression and drabness of the political and musical atmosphere of the seventies.” The economic prosperity and countercultural exuberance of the 1960s had faded. By the mid-1970s, crime rates soared and the combined “Misery Index” of unemployment and inflation reached new highs.

With that as the backdrop, the lure of Disco proved particularly powerful for working-class youth. AsThe New Yorker’s Pauline Kael noted in her 1977 review of Saturday Night Fever, the film and Disco itself centered on “something deeply romantic: the need to move, to dance, and the need to be who you’d like to be. Nirvana is the dance; when the music stops, you return to being ordinary.”

But almost as powerful as the embrace of Disco was the backlash against it. For those who grew up with three-minute songs, bands playing instruments, and the raw aesthetic of early Rock and Roll, Disco was part of a new problem. Ultimately, Disco's rise helped to foster the fragmentation of the 1970s and changed the shape of popular music culture.

PROCEDURE: 

1. Examine the cover of Newsweekmagazine from April 2, 1979, and answer the following questions: 

• What is Newsweek? What does the title of the magazine suggest about what it covers?
• What does this cover suggest about the popularity of Disco? Was it perhaps more than just a style of music? How would you describe the mood of the cover?  

2. Read the following quote: 

Everyone here knows that 1979 will go down in history as the year Disco became the biggest thing in pop since Beatlemania and possibly since the birth of rock & roll.”

-- Music critic Stephen Holden, quoted in Ralph Giordano, Social Dancing in America, 2007

3. Based on the quote, and what you know about music, as well as history, answer the questions that follow: 

• What is a discotheque? What do people do at a discotheque?
• Why might a particular style of music come to be known as “Disco”? What does the name imply about the purpose of the music?
• What does the quote say about how popular Disco was in 1979?
• Under what kinds of historical circumstances do you think people would be drawn to music that makes them want to dance? Times of prosperity? Times of economic hardship?

4.  Please view the following videos of songs that were major Disco hits in the 1970s: Peaches and Herb, "Shake Your Groove Thing"; Sylvester, "Mighty Real"; and Donna Summer, "Love to Love You Baby."  Answer the questions below, in your notebooks.  

1. • How would you describe the music? Is it fast or slow? What instruments are used? What kind of beat does it have?
   • How does these performers look different from, for instance, the Beatles performing "She Loves You"?
   • How are the performers dressed? What words would you use to describe their appearance?
   • Who are the performers? Describe them in terms of gender, ethnicity, etc.
   • What are the people listening to the music doing? What kind of mood do they seem to be in? How would you describe the style of dancing they are doing?
   • Why do you think many of these people have come to the disco to hear the music and dance? How might this music provide them with an escape from the issues that they face in their daily lives?

Today's Lesson 4/30/15 - The NYC Underground

This lesson considers New York City and the cross currents that run between the worlds of music-making and the arts in a broad sense, particularly the visual and literary arts. The epigraphs above provide a launching point for a discussion about one example of such cross currents. Lou Reed, a member of the Velvet Underground, a group Rolling Stone's David Fricke described in 1989 as, "arguably the most influential band of rock's last quarter century," describes becoming multiples of himself so that he can tour frequently. While Reed associates that with the Drifters, a vocal group that purportedly performed in latter-day incarnations that included no original members, But the more obvious line of influence for Reed's thinking goes back to Andy Warhol, the New York art world's most celebrated figure and onetime producer of the Velvet Underground.

As this lesson will describe, Andy Warhol was interested in the meeting place of "high" art and commercial art. Where the paintings of Rembrandt and Leonardo Da Vinci are single pieces, with museums across the world fighting to get one of these originals, Warhol created multiples. Much of his work was done using a silkscreening process that allowed him to create a "run" of paintings rather than just one. As a process, it was, at least to the fine-art world, shocking. When Warhol went one step further and sent a "copy" of himself to give a lecture at a college in Utah, he further offended the sensibilities of his patrons. Lou Reed, who described Warhol as the Velvet Underground's "catalyst," slyly picks up Warhol's line of thinking when asked about his active schedule: "There are five of me."

This flow of ideas between Andy Warhol and Lou Reed, illustrated in their actual or purported play with multiples, is representative of a New York experience. Surveying the city from the vantage point of 1976, Nick Kent, in an article from the Rock's Backpages archive, describes the scene thus: "Getting down to basics again, I'd confidently state that out of this current plethora of new N.Y. groups, at least five are capable of exceptional contributions to rock. It should be dutifully noted that at least four of those bands bear obvious heavy debts inspiration-wise to Lou Reed's work specifically within the framework of the [Velvet Underground]." The bands/artists he's referring to include Television, the Talking Heads, the Heartbreakers, and Patti Smith. But what did they draw from Lou Reed and the Velvet Underground? As this lesson will suggest, the answer wasn't always in the music itself. The example of Lou Reed was an example of the cross current described above, that movement of influence between the art world and the music scene.

Procedure: 

1. Read the handout of the article mentioned above from the Daily Utah Chronicle. Answer the following questions.
   • Do you think what Andy Warhol did when he sent an impersonator in his place, after booking himself to deliver a lecture, was right or wrong?
   • What do you think his point was?
   • Do you think there is artistic value in his act?
   • How do you think the art world reacted?
   • How do you think this is or is not an artistic act?
2. Andy Warhol was involved as producer with the New York Rock and Roll band the Velvet Underground. Watch an excerpt from an interview with Lou Reed, the former singer for the Velvet Underground, done in 1975 on a solo tour.  After watching the clip, answer the following:

• In what ways do you think Warhol might have influenced Reed?
• What in particular makes Reed seem a product of Warhol's thinking?
• What kind of presence is Reed?
• Would you want to be the interviewer? Why or why not?

3. Reflect on the ways in which an artist who is not a musician can affect a group of musicians or an individual performer.

• Could an artist affect a band's look?
• Could an artist or writer affect their songwriting?
• Could a filmmaker affect a band's visual appearance?

4/23/15 - Glam Rock Part III

1. Carefully look at the photos of David Bowie (1973), the New York Dolls (1973) and Slade (1974). Please note that these performers were associated with a subgenre of Rock and Roll known as Glam (alternately referred to as Glitter Rock), a style of music and performance that occurred in the United States and Great Britain in the early 1970s. 

• Describe how the performers are dressed. 
• What are some professional or artistic reasons why performers might dress this way?
• What reactions might a teenager receive for dressing this way in public?

2. Watch the clip of an interview with David Bowie (1973).

• How does Bowie’s description of himself as someone who “collects personalities” help explain his physical appearance?
• Why might a teenager want to emulate Bowie’s fashion choices or adopt his “hodgepodge philosophy”?

3. Read Handout 2 – Timeline of the Early 1970s. Ask students to complete an engaged reading of the timeline on their own.  Write down any historical events that might have had a particular significance for someone in junior high or high school during these years.

• Which events on the timeline do you recognize?
• Which events do you think had a greater meaning for people who had actively participated in the cultural and political events of the 1960s? Why?
• Do you see any events that seem to relate directly to teenagers? If you were a teenager at this time, do you think you would have felt a part of the culture or outside of it? Explain.

4. Watch the trailer for American Graffiti (1973). This film was one of the highest grossing movies of 1973.  In other words, a lot of people went to see this movie!  

• How is early Rock and Roll music from the late 1950s and early 1960s used in American Graffiti? Why do you think the filmmaker selected this particular music for the soundtrack?
• The tagline of American Graffiti asks, “Where were you in ’62?” If you are 16 when this film is released in 1973, how old were you in 1962? Do you think this film would have resonated with you? Why or why not?

5. Read Handout 3 – Alice Cooper.  Please watch the clip of Alice Cooper performing “I'm Eighteen” (1971).  Carefully study the lyrics to "I'm Eighteen"  

• How does Alice Cooper seem to challenge the “seriousness” of the early 1970s? Is the band’s performance intended to be funny, serious, or somewhere in between?
• Is the host’s warning valid about how Alice Cooper’s performance could be construed as “offensive” to certain audiences? Why or why not?
• Based on both lyrics and music, what might a teenager find relatable in this song?
• “I’m Eighteen” reached number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Based on the events on the timeline of the early 1970s, why do you think this song was so successful? 

SUMMARY: 

What about the idea of creating one's own identity—such as the “image” of Alice Cooper—might appeal to a teenager in the early 1970s?

Today's Lesson 4/22/15 - Glam Rock Part II

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How was Glam Rock part of a new teenage culture in the 1970s?

OVERVIEW

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, popular music culture had grown up and grown serious.

Songs from the period, whether James Taylor's "Fire and Rain," Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven," or the Eagles' "Desperado," showed artists turning inward and emphasizing musical virtuosity. Singer-songwriters performed to seated houses, but even Rock and Roll audiences had become more passive than participatory. It was a culture that embraced denim, facial hair, and  hippie-ish attire—the trappings of a “laid-back” sensibility—as symbols of their time.

A somber mood hung over not just the music but the country. In May 1970, the Ohio National Guard fired upon unarmed Kent State University students protesting U.S. Military operations in Cambodia, killing four and wounding nine. Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young would respond to the incident in their song “Ohio,” recorded and released less than three weeks after the shooting. Later that year, trials began for American soldiers implicated in the My Lai massacre in South Vietnam. And in 1972, the Watergate scandal broke, ultimately bringing down President Nixon and further shaking the public’s trust in government.

With the spirit of the 1960s still in the air, the focus remained on a population that came of age in that era. But a new generation of teenagers, too young to have marched on Washington or been eligible for the draft were left in the shadows, without a clear identity. Who were among the next generation of teenagers? And what was their music?

With television’s All in the Family and George Lucas’s film American Graffiti major success stories, it seemed that the baby boomers were all that one heard about, talked about, or watched on the screen. The teenager of the early 1970s was all but invisible.

"Glam" became the buzzword for a new teen-focused music that cut through the seriousness and signaled a return to rudimentary Rock and Roll, awash in flamboyant fashions and theatrical posturing. Glam records were sometimes “bubblegum”— unpretentious, adolescent, and fun—but at other times they were groundbreaking artistic works. Its representatives were David Bowie, Alice Cooper, Roxy Music, Slade, Sweet, and others. David Bowie drew on his training in theater and mime to create his Ziggy Stardust persona, an androgynous alien-like humanoid who sang about space exploration and Pop superstardom. Alice Cooper combined horror movie spectacle with Rock and Roll anthems of teen angst, including “I’m Eighteen” and “School’s Out.” Teenagers of the early 1970s reveled in the made-to-shock styles and recordings of their new heroes. The hippie met his match.

Through an examination of musical performances, film trailers, television interviews, and archival photographs, students will investigate the cultural landscape of the early 1970s to better understand the rise of Glam and what the music offered teenage audiences who came of age after the radical social movements of the 1960s. 

Procedure: 

1.  Please copy the chart in the enclosed HANDOUT

2. Watch the clip of the Eagles performing “Desperado” (1973).  Then, watch the  clip of Sweet performing “Ballroom Blitz” (1973). 

• How are these two performances different from one another?
• Between the Eagles and Sweet, which of these two bands do you think is trying to make “serious” music for adults? 
• Which band do you think has a stronger appeal to teenagers looking to have fun? Explain your answers.

Today's Lesson 4/21/15 "Glam Rock"

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How was Glam Rock a reaction to the "seriousness" of popular music at the time?

OVERVIEW

In the wake of the somber introspection of the Singer-Songwriter movement, Glam Rock brought a sense of theater back to Rock and Roll.

With artists such as James Taylor and Gordon Lightfoot becoming major figures on the international popular music scene, many considered Rock and Roll to be losing its connection to the "show." For listeners who grew up with R&B, it was clear that things had shifted. If a James Brown live show included dance, costume, and theatrics, a James Taylor live show included none of that. Earnest, stripped down, often presented by a solo artist with a guitar or piano, the music of the Singer Songwriter movement aimed at intimacy and honesty.

Glam Rock was a kind of reaction, an unsettling opening up of the possibilities. It took different forms, from Roxy Music's Pop Art approach to Slade's back-to-basics Rock and Roll to David Bowie's theater of identity. But, across the board, it brought the "show" back to popular music.

This preliminary lesson centers on an investigation of Glam as a reaction. Through a set of comparisons, students will be asked to describe what they see as Glam Rock's fundamental characteristics.

Procedure: 

1. Watch the clips of Jackson Browne performing the song "Before the Deluge." As they watch, tell students to consider these questions:
• What is the mood of the performance?
• Does Browne appear to be focused on the audience as he performs? Describe the performance style as it relates to the conventions of musical showmanship.  In other words, is he more focused on playing, or relating with the audience? 
2. Play the clip of David Bowie performing the song "Rebel Rebel." Take notes on the performance. 

Today's Lesson 4/17/15

EQ: 
How was Heavy Metal involved in the 1980s controversy surrounding the creation of parental advisories for “offensive” music?

Background: 

In the early 1980s, Heavy Metal, which had begun as a somewhat marginal musical genre, began to enjoy mainstream success with the popularity of such bands as Iron Maiden, Def Leppard, Kiss, and Twisted Sister. Around the same time, MTV was born, offering a new venue for popular music and a new way for it to enter American households on a grand scale. With their high energy and visual splash, Metal bands became a mainstay of the channel, bringing the music of these groups considerable attention not only from fans, but from parent groups who deemed much of it “offensive” and sought ways to shield their children from it.

At the height of Heavy Metal’s mainstream success the wife of then-Senator Al Gore, Tipper Gore, established the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC) along with the wives of several other prominent politicians. The PMRC advocated for the creation of a labeling system that would warn parents of explicit content on recordings. After a contentious hearing in the United States Senate, the record industry agreed voluntarily to adopt a labeling system that would advise parents about recordings containing content that was explicitly sexual, referenced drug or alcohol use, or contained graphic language.  While many stores continued to carry recordings bearing these labels, some merchants—most notably Walmart—refused to carry recordings with advisory labels, a policy that Walmart continues today.

In this lesson, students will investigate the connection between the popularity of Heavy Metal and the emergence of the parental advisory system. They will consider who should have the power to declare a song “offensive” and whether or not access to such material should be regulated. They will further debate the merits of the labeling system, which is still in place, and consider whether or not labeling certain recordings should be considered censorship.  

Procedure: 

1. Review the list of the "Filthy Fifteen" .  Please note that the highlighted songs are from Heavy Metal bands.  In your notebooks, answer. 

• How many of these songs are from Heavy Metal groups?
• Based on what you know about Heavy Metal, why do you think such a high percentage of the songs on the list fall into this category?
• What conclusions can you draw about how some parents felt about their children listening to Heavy Metal from this chart? What does the chart indicate about the perception of Heavy Metal music in the mid-1980s?
• Could you conclude that the efforts of groups such as the PMRC to label and limit access to music was directed largely at Heavy Metal? Why or why not?

2.  

1. Watch  the video of Twisted Sister’s “We’re Not Gonna Take It” (1985) In your notebooks, answer:
   • What image do the performers in the video present?
   • What is the overall message of the song and the video?
   • Why do you think this song was included on the list of the “Filthy Fifteen?” What about it might be considered “offensive”? Why might parents not want their children to listen to or watch the video of this song?

History of Rock and Roll Lesson 3/30/15

"Blue Eyed Soul Day 2" 

1. Watch the clip of Booker T. and the MGs playing "Green Onions." In your notebooks, or looseleaf books, write a reaction to their performance.  
1. How do you think Booker T. and the MGs embody what Dan Penn likes about Soul music?  What aspects of the song, the performance, or the group presentation to back up your answer.   
2. The kind of interactions between the white and black creative communities that Penn treasured were complicated interactions. In the late 1960s many walls separated the black and white population.
3. Watch an excerpt of an interview with Jim Stewart, the founder of Stax Records, the label that released Booker T. and the MGs' recordings. 
1. Encourage students to reflect freely on what they heard in the interview. 
4. Did something happen in music culture, in the worlds of men like Dan Penn and Jim Stewart, that was different from life in the culture at large?

R&R History Lesson 3/26/15

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How did black artists and white songwriters and musicians interact in the Soul era, and what contributed to that interaction?

OVERVIEW

"I'd been digging black records for years and suddenly I got a chance to be involved in making them, even to go get a hamburger, that was all right with me – just to be there. And by being there I started getting lucky with some songs."

-- Dan Penn

If any single theme dominates this history of Rock and Roll, it is the theme of popular music culture as a place and an experience that allows a degree of racial mixing beyond what American everyday life offers. Again and again, new moments in Rock and Roll's ongoing history come when the boundaries that too often organize the races as separate are broken down. Most commonly, it has been black music that provides the primary materials, the inspiration and the talent that kicks off these changes, these moments. But oftentimes the contributions are the result of a kind of dialogue across racial lines. Booker T. and the MGs, a four-member Memphis combo comprised of two black and two white musicians, represents well the ideal form this dialogue can take. To be sure, their moment, 1960s Soul, is rich in examples.

This lesson looks at that juncture in Soul's history, when popular music and the Civil Rights movement seemed almost to be working in support of one another. Aretha Franklin, Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, the Motown acts; so much was happening, and so much was "crossing over," getting to a wide, appreciative white audience. But the focal point here is not what was happening at the front of the stage. Rather, this lesson goes behind the scenes, to see where young white musicians and writers were working with African-American performers to create something that was truly born of a dialogue.

The focus here is one particular songwriter-producer-musician: Dan Penn. Only 14 when he had his first hit, "Is A Bluebird Blue," recorded by Conway Twitty, Penn was entranced by black music, Ray Charles and Bobby "Blue" Bland among his very favorites. As the epigraph above suggests, Penn found a way to get close to the world associated with just such artists, not caring if he was allowed in simply because he'd be an errand boy if one was needed. Along the way, he wrote some of Soul music's most enduring songs, including "I'm Your Puppet," "Out of Left Field," "Dark End of the Street," and "Do Right Woman." The artists recording those songs included Aretha Franklin, Percy Sledge, James Carr, and James and Bobby Purify, all African-American singers. As a white songwriter, Penn was writing for those voices, and he would be the first to tell you: "I mean, white singers are okay, but black singers are better. You don't even have to think about it."

Our aim here is not to assign greater value to white or black voices but to consider the musical results when a class of young white musicians and writers felt unambiguously that black voices were better, and they started writing songs for those voices. In that moment, a dialogue was underway.

PROCEDURE 

1. Read the Rock's Backpages article about Dan Penn. Make notes as you read of any details you feel are significant.
2. When you are done, please answer the following questions: 
• Were you surprised that the songwriter of "Do Right Woman" is a man?
• Were you surprised that he is white?
• Based on what you read, why do you think Dan Penn wrote "Do Right Woman"?
• What part of the country was Penn from? Can you speculate on how that might have affected his musical interests?
• What does Penn say about the importance of white and black artists coming together?
• In Penn's view, did that collaboration across race lines allow for something special?
3. Compare two versions of another Dan Penn original, "I'm Your Puppet," the first recorded by James and Bobby Purify, the second recorded byDan Penn.
4. After you listen, make two lists describing what you hear in each version. 
5. Answer the following question: which version do you think Dan Penn might have preferred and why?

History of R&R Lesson 3/24 "The Roots of Country Rock"

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How did Country Music influence Rock and Roll and the musicians who made it?

OVERVIEW

Long before there was a thing called Country Rock, Rock and Roll was deeply entwined with Country music. One could go so far as to say that without Country, there would be no Rock and Roll, Soul Music would be different in character, and the Rolling Stones would be a another band altogether. So, in some respects, the merger of Country and Rock shouldn't have surprised anyone when, in the late 60s and 70s, Bob Dylan released Nashville Skyline, the Byrds released Sweetheart of the Rodeo, the Flying Burrito Brothers formed, bands such as the Eagles came together, and the term "Country Rock" was put into circulation. When it comes to Rock, Country had, simply put, been there all the while. However, what the above acts did, in this particular historical passage, was to give Country a new emphasis.

This micro lesson looks to some of the early cross-pollination between Country and Rock and Roll. Taking Chuck Berry's "Maybellene" as an example drawn from early Rock and Roll, students will have the chance to see and hear Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys perform "Ida Red," the song Berry said provided source material for "Maybellene." In addition, students will watch two clips of Johnny Cash performing, engaging in a discussion of why it was that Bob Dylan might have felt a kinship with Cash, enough so that he asked Cash to record a duet of "Girl from the North Country," the track that would open Dylan's Nashville Skyline.

Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, the Everly Brothers, Jerry Lee Lewis: all grew up with Country. Jerry Lee Lewis, when citing his three greatest influences, put Jimmie Rodgers, the so-called "Father of Country Music" at the top of the list. In the years following his Rock and Roll career, Lewis would even change his direction and pursue what became a wildly successful Country career. Bob Dylan, years after Nashville Skyline, would bring together a group of artists for a Jimmie Rodgers tribute album. And Hank Williams is regularly cited as one of Rock and Roll's founding fathers, by the likes of Keith Richards and Bruce Springsteen. Among African-American artists, the influence of Country was also strong. Taking Ray Charles' album Modern Sounds in Country Music as a kind of case study, students will consider just what an artist associated with R&B did with a song that came straight out of Country. And, finally, students will have a chance to write their own responses to this question: why did early Country matter to musicians in both the black and white communities?

Part I: 

1. Play the clip of Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys performing "Ida Red." 

2. Read the excerpted lyrics for both "Ida Red" and "Maybellene." 

3. In your opiniont, what was it that Chuck Berry took from "Ida Red" when writing "Maybellene," lyrically, musically, and otherwise? 

Part II:
Based on the previous exercise, answer the following reflection questions: 

• What is at the heart of the narrative in "Ida Red" and, similarly, what is at the heart of the story in "Maybellene"? What elements do they share as stories?
• Why might the story within "Maybellene" have had an appeal in mid-century America? What do you think cars meant to the people in the listening audience?
• Do the songs have similar human themes? Is there romance involved?
• What musical sections of "Ida Red" are reminiscent of what you hear in "Maybellene"? Do the verses seem at all alike?
• Is the instrumentation of the two different? If so, in what ways?
• How do the performance style, the tempo, and the vocal presentation compare?